TY - JOUR

T1 - African and Asian leopards are highly differentiated at the genomic level

AU - Paijmans, Johanna L. A.

AU - Barlow, Axel

AU - Becker, Matthew S.

AU - Cahill, James A.

AU - Fickel, Joerns

AU - Foerster, Daniel W. G.

AU - Gries, Katrin

AU - Hartmann, Stefanie

AU - Havmoller, Rasmus Worsoe

AU - Henneberger, Kirstin

AU - Kern, Christian

AU - Kitchener, Andrew C.

AU - Lorenzen, Eline D.

AU - Mayer, Frieder

AU - OBrien, Stephen J.

AU - von Seth, Johanna

AU - Sinding, Mikkel-Holder S.

AU - Spong, Goran

AU - Uphyrkina, Olga

AU - Wachter, Bettina

AU - Westbury, Michael

AU - Dalen, Love

AU - Bhak, Jong

AU - Manica, Andrea

AU - Hofreiter, Michael

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Leopards are the only big cats still widely distributed across the continents of Africa and Asia. They occur in a wide range of habitats and are often found in close proximity to humans. But despite their ubiquity, leopard phylogeography and population history have not yet been studied with genomic tools. Here, we present population-genomic data from 26 modern and historical samples encompassing the vast geographical distribution of this species. We find that Asian leopards are broadly monophyletic with respect to African leopards across almost their entire nuclear genomes. This profound genetic pattern persists despite the animals' high potential mobility, and despite evidence of transfer of African alleles into Middle Eastern and Central Asian leopard populations within the last 100,000 years. Our results further suggest that Asian leopards originated from a single out-of-Africa dispersal event 500-600 thousand years ago and are characterized by higher population structuring, stronger isolation by distance, and lower heterozygosity than African leopards. Taxonomic categories do not take into account the variability in depth of divergence among subspecies. The deep divergence between the African subspecies and Asian populations contrasts with the much shallower divergence among putative Asian subspecies. Reconciling genomic variation and taxonomy is likely to be a growing challenge in the genomics era.

AB - Leopards are the only big cats still widely distributed across the continents of Africa and Asia. They occur in a wide range of habitats and are often found in close proximity to humans. But despite their ubiquity, leopard phylogeography and population history have not yet been studied with genomic tools. Here, we present population-genomic data from 26 modern and historical samples encompassing the vast geographical distribution of this species. We find that Asian leopards are broadly monophyletic with respect to African leopards across almost their entire nuclear genomes. This profound genetic pattern persists despite the animals' high potential mobility, and despite evidence of transfer of African alleles into Middle Eastern and Central Asian leopard populations within the last 100,000 years. Our results further suggest that Asian leopards originated from a single out-of-Africa dispersal event 500-600 thousand years ago and are characterized by higher population structuring, stronger isolation by distance, and lower heterozygosity than African leopards. Taxonomic categories do not take into account the variability in depth of divergence among subspecies. The deep divergence between the African subspecies and Asian populations contrasts with the much shallower divergence among putative Asian subspecies. Reconciling genomic variation and taxonomy is likely to be a growing challenge in the genomics era.

KW - COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME

KW - PANTHERA-PARDUS

KW - GENETIC DIVERSITY

KW - LATE PLEISTOCENE

KW - JEBEL IRHOUD

KW - POPULATION

KW - DNA

KW - ANCIENT

KW - SEQUENCE

KW - HISTORY

U2 - 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.084

DO - 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.084

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 33848458

VL - 31

SP - 1872-1882.e5

JO - Current Biology

JF - Current Biology

SN - 0960-9822

IS - 9

ER -