TY - JOUR

T1 - Exceptions to the rule

T2 - Relative roles of time, diversification rates and regional energy in shaping the inverse latitudinal diversity gradient

AU - Cerezer, Felipe O.

AU - Machac, Antonin

AU - Rangel, Thiago F.

AU - Dambros, Cristian S

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Global Ecology and Biogeography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - Aim: Inverse latitudinal diversity gradients (i-LDGs), whereby regional richness peaks outside the tropics, have rarely been investigated, and their causes remain unclear. Here, we investigate three prominent explanations, postulating that species-rich regions have had: (1) longer time to accumulate species; (2) faster diversification; and (3) more energy to support species-rich communities. These mechanisms have been shown to explain the tropical megadiversity, and we examine whether they can also explain i-LDG. Location: Global. Time period: Contemporary. Major taxa studied: Amphibians, birds and mammals. Methods: We estimated the time for species accumulation, regional diversification rates and regional energy for six tetrapod taxa (c. 800 species). We quantified the relative effects and interactions among these three classes of variables, using variance partitioning, and confirmed the results across alternative metrics for time (community phylometrics and BioGeoBEARS), diversification rates (BAMM and DR) and regional energy (past and current temperature, and productivity). Results: Although regional richness across each of the six taxa peaked in the temperate region, it varied markedly across hemispheres and continents. The effects of time, diversification rates and regional energy varied greatly from one taxon to another, but high diversification rates generally emerged as the best predictor of high regional richness. The effects of time and regional energy were limited, with the exception of salamanders and cetaceans. Main conclusions: Together, our results indicate that the causes of i-LDG are highly taxon specific. Consequently, large-scale richness gradients might not have a universal explanation, and different causal pathways might converge on similar gradients. Moreover, regional diversification rates might vary dramatically between similar environments and, depending on the taxon, regional richness might or might not depend on the time for species accumulation. Collectively, these results underscore the complexity behind the formation of richness gradients, which might involve a symphony of variations on the interplay of time, diversification rates and regional energy.

AB - Aim: Inverse latitudinal diversity gradients (i-LDGs), whereby regional richness peaks outside the tropics, have rarely been investigated, and their causes remain unclear. Here, we investigate three prominent explanations, postulating that species-rich regions have had: (1) longer time to accumulate species; (2) faster diversification; and (3) more energy to support species-rich communities. These mechanisms have been shown to explain the tropical megadiversity, and we examine whether they can also explain i-LDG. Location: Global. Time period: Contemporary. Major taxa studied: Amphibians, birds and mammals. Methods: We estimated the time for species accumulation, regional diversification rates and regional energy for six tetrapod taxa (c. 800 species). We quantified the relative effects and interactions among these three classes of variables, using variance partitioning, and confirmed the results across alternative metrics for time (community phylometrics and BioGeoBEARS), diversification rates (BAMM and DR) and regional energy (past and current temperature, and productivity). Results: Although regional richness across each of the six taxa peaked in the temperate region, it varied markedly across hemispheres and continents. The effects of time, diversification rates and regional energy varied greatly from one taxon to another, but high diversification rates generally emerged as the best predictor of high regional richness. The effects of time and regional energy were limited, with the exception of salamanders and cetaceans. Main conclusions: Together, our results indicate that the causes of i-LDG are highly taxon specific. Consequently, large-scale richness gradients might not have a universal explanation, and different causal pathways might converge on similar gradients. Moreover, regional diversification rates might vary dramatically between similar environments and, depending on the taxon, regional richness might or might not depend on the time for species accumulation. Collectively, these results underscore the complexity behind the formation of richness gradients, which might involve a symphony of variations on the interplay of time, diversification rates and regional energy.

KW - macroecology

KW - macroevolution

KW - marine diversity

KW - species richness

KW - temperate

KW - terrestrial diversity

KW - tetrapods

KW - tropics

U2 - 10.1111/geb.13559

DO - 10.1111/geb.13559

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85133329810

VL - 31

SP - 1794

EP - 1809

JO - Global Ecology and Biogeography

JF - Global Ecology and Biogeography

SN - 1466-822X

IS - 9

ER -