TY - JOUR

T1 - Phylogenetic origins and family classification of typhuloid fungi, with emphasis on Ceratellopsis, Macrotyphula and Typhula (Basidiomycota)

AU - Olariaga, I.

AU - Huhtinen, S.

AU - Læssøe, T.

AU - Petersen, J. H.

AU - Hansen, K.

PY - 2020

Y1 - 2020

N2 - Typhuloid fungi are a very poorly known group of tiny clavarioid homobasidiomycetes. The phylogenetic position and family classification of the genera targeted here, Ceratellopsis, Macrotyphula, Pterula sensu lato and Typhula, are controversial and based on unresolved phylogenies. Our six-gene phylogeny with an expanded taxon sampling shows that typhuloid fungi evolved at least twice in the Agaricales (Pleurotineae, Clavariineae) and once in the Hymenochaetales. Macrotyphula, Pterulicium and Typhula are nested within the Pleurotineae. The type of Typhula (1818) and Sclerotium (1790), T. phacorrhiza and S. complanatum (synonym T. phacorrhiza), are encompassed in the Macrotyphula clade that is distantly related to a monophyletic group formed by species usually assigned to Typhula. Thus, the correct name for Macrotyphula (1972) and Typhula is Sclerotium and all Typhula species but those in the T. phacorrhiza group need to be transferred to Pistillaria (1821). To avoid undesirable nomenclatural changes, we suggest to conserve Typhula with T. incarnata as type. Clavariaceae is supported as a separate, early diverging lineage within Agaricales, with Hygrophoraceae as a successive sister taxon to the rest of the Agaricales. Ceratellopsis s. auct. is polyphyletic because C. acuminata nests in Clavariaceae and C. sagittiformis in the Hymenochaetales. Ceratellopsis is found to be an earlier name for Pterulicium, because the type, C. queletii, represents Pterulicium gracile (synonym Pterula gracilis), deeply nested in the Pterulicium clade. To avoid re-combining a large number of names in Ceratellopsis we suggest to conserve it with C. acuminata as type. The new genus Bryopistillaria is created to include C. sagittiformis. The families Sarcomyxaceae and Phyllotopsidaceae, and the suborder Clavariineae, are described as new. Six new combinations are proposed and 15 names typified.

AB - Typhuloid fungi are a very poorly known group of tiny clavarioid homobasidiomycetes. The phylogenetic position and family classification of the genera targeted here, Ceratellopsis, Macrotyphula, Pterula sensu lato and Typhula, are controversial and based on unresolved phylogenies. Our six-gene phylogeny with an expanded taxon sampling shows that typhuloid fungi evolved at least twice in the Agaricales (Pleurotineae, Clavariineae) and once in the Hymenochaetales. Macrotyphula, Pterulicium and Typhula are nested within the Pleurotineae. The type of Typhula (1818) and Sclerotium (1790), T. phacorrhiza and S. complanatum (synonym T. phacorrhiza), are encompassed in the Macrotyphula clade that is distantly related to a monophyletic group formed by species usually assigned to Typhula. Thus, the correct name for Macrotyphula (1972) and Typhula is Sclerotium and all Typhula species but those in the T. phacorrhiza group need to be transferred to Pistillaria (1821). To avoid undesirable nomenclatural changes, we suggest to conserve Typhula with T. incarnata as type. Clavariaceae is supported as a separate, early diverging lineage within Agaricales, with Hygrophoraceae as a successive sister taxon to the rest of the Agaricales. Ceratellopsis s. auct. is polyphyletic because C. acuminata nests in Clavariaceae and C. sagittiformis in the Hymenochaetales. Ceratellopsis is found to be an earlier name for Pterulicium, because the type, C. queletii, represents Pterulicium gracile (synonym Pterula gracilis), deeply nested in the Pterulicium clade. To avoid re-combining a large number of names in Ceratellopsis we suggest to conserve it with C. acuminata as type. The new genus Bryopistillaria is created to include C. sagittiformis. The families Sarcomyxaceae and Phyllotopsidaceae, and the suborder Clavariineae, are described as new. Six new combinations are proposed and 15 names typified.

KW - Agaricomycetes

KW - basidioma evolution

KW - Bryopistillaria Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - Bryopistillaria sagittiformis (Pat.) Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - Ceratella ferryi Quél. & Fautrey

KW - Clavaria aculina Quél

KW - Clavaria microscopica Malbr. & Sacc.

KW - Clavariaceae

KW - Clavariineae Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - clavarioid fungi

KW - Macrotyphula megasperma (Berthier) Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - Macrotyphula phacorrhiza (Reichard: Fr.) Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - Phyllotopsidaceae Locquin ex Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - Pistillaria aciculata Durieu & Lév. ex Sacc.

KW - Pistillaria aculeata Pat.

KW - Pistillaria acuminata Fuckel

KW - Pistillaria attenuata Syd. & P. Syd.

KW - Pistillaria carestiae Ces. in Bres. & Sacc.

KW - Pistillaria equiseticola Boud.

KW - Pistillaria helenae Pat.

KW - Pistillaria juncicola Bourdot & Galzin

KW - Pistillaria queletii Pat.

KW - Pistillaria sagittiformis Pat.

KW - Pleurotineae

KW - Sarcomyxaceae Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - Sclerotium

KW - Sclerotium complanatum Tode

KW - Typhula brunaudii Quél.

KW - Typhula podocarpi (Crous) Olariaga, Huhtinen, Læssøe, J.H. Petersen & K. Hansen

KW - Typhulaceae

U2 - 10.1016/j.simyco.2020.05.003

DO - 10.1016/j.simyco.2020.05.003

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 32774511

AN - SCOPUS:85088651612

VL - 96

SP - 155

EP - 184

JO - Studies in Mycology

JF - Studies in Mycology

SN - 0166-0616

ER -