Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism
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Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism. / Sonne, Jesper; Dalsgaard, Bo; Borregaard, Michael K.; Kennedy, Jonathan; Fjeldså, Jon; Rahbek, Carsten.
In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 289, No. 1981, 20221102, 2022.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism
AU - Sonne, Jesper
AU - Dalsgaard, Bo
AU - Borregaard, Michael K.
AU - Kennedy, Jonathan
AU - Fjeldså, Jon
AU - Rahbek, Carsten
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - The immense concentrations of vertebrate species in tropical mountains remain a prominent but unexplained pattern in biogeography. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that montane biodiversity hotspots result from endemic species aggregating within ecologically stable localities. Here, the persistence of ancient lineages coincides with frequent speciation events, making such areas both 'cradles' (where new species arise) and 'museums' (where old species survive). Although this hypothesis refers to processes operating at the scale of valleys, it remains supported primarily by patterns generated from coarse-scale distribution data. Using high-resolution occurrence and phylogenetic data on Andean hummingbirds, we find that old and young endemic species are not spatially aggregated. The young endemic species tend to have non-overlapping distributions scattered along the Andean treeline, a long and narrow habitat where populations easily become fragmented. By contrast, the old endemic species have more aggregated distributions, but mainly within pockets of cloud forests at lower elevations than the young endemic species. These findings contradict the premise that biogeographical cradles and museums should overlap in valley systems where pockets of stable climate persist through periods of climate change. Instead, Andean biodiversity hotspots may derive from large-scale fluctuating climate complexity in conjunction with local-scale variability in available area and habitat connectivity.
AB - The immense concentrations of vertebrate species in tropical mountains remain a prominent but unexplained pattern in biogeography. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that montane biodiversity hotspots result from endemic species aggregating within ecologically stable localities. Here, the persistence of ancient lineages coincides with frequent speciation events, making such areas both 'cradles' (where new species arise) and 'museums' (where old species survive). Although this hypothesis refers to processes operating at the scale of valleys, it remains supported primarily by patterns generated from coarse-scale distribution data. Using high-resolution occurrence and phylogenetic data on Andean hummingbirds, we find that old and young endemic species are not spatially aggregated. The young endemic species tend to have non-overlapping distributions scattered along the Andean treeline, a long and narrow habitat where populations easily become fragmented. By contrast, the old endemic species have more aggregated distributions, but mainly within pockets of cloud forests at lower elevations than the young endemic species. These findings contradict the premise that biogeographical cradles and museums should overlap in valley systems where pockets of stable climate persist through periods of climate change. Instead, Andean biodiversity hotspots may derive from large-scale fluctuating climate complexity in conjunction with local-scale variability in available area and habitat connectivity.
KW - Andes
KW - biodiversity
KW - hummingbirds
KW - maintenance
KW - range size
KW - speciation
U2 - 10.1098/rspb.2022.1102
DO - 10.1098/rspb.2022.1102
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 35975440
AN - SCOPUS:85136027324
VL - 289
JO - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
JF - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
SN - 0962-8452
IS - 1981
M1 - 20221102
ER -
ID: 318200817